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Getting your amateur radio licence is easier than most people expect. In most countries, it involves studying some basic radio theory, regulations, and operating practices, then passing an exam. There is no age requirement in the majority of countries, and no prior technical background is needed.
This page gives you a general overview. For country-specific details, see the dedicated licensing pages.
While the details vary by country, the licensing process follows a similar pattern almost everywhere:
The US has three licence classes administered by the FCC under Part 97 rules. Exams are conducted by volunteer examiners (VEs) through organisations like the ARRL VEC and Laurel VEC.
| Class | Questions | Topics | Privileges |
|---|---|---|---|
| Technician | 35 multiple-choice | Basic theory, regulations, operating | VHF/UHF full access, limited HF |
| General | 35 multiple-choice | Intermediate theory, more regulations | Most HF bands |
| Amateur Extra | 50 multiple-choice | Advanced theory, regulations | All amateur frequencies |
Most new hams start with the Technician exam. No Morse code test is required for any US licence class. Exam sessions are held regularly throughout the country, and some are available online. The typical exam fee is $0–$15, depending on the VEC team.
See United States Licensing for full details.
The UK has three licence levels administered by Ofcom, with exams run through the Radio Society of Great Britain (RSGB).
| Level | Exam format | Privileges |
|---|---|---|
| Foundation | 26 multiple-choice | 10 W on most bands |
| Intermediate | 46 multiple-choice | 50 W on most bands |
| Full | 62 multiple-choice | 400 W on most bands |
Foundation courses are often run by local radio clubs over a few sessions and include a practical assessment component. Online exams are available.
See United Kingdom Licensing for full details.
Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada (ISED) oversees amateur radio licensing. There are two qualification levels:
| Level | Questions | Privileges |
|---|---|---|
| Basic | 100 question pool, 70% pass | All bands with power limits |
| Basic with Honours | 100 question pool, 80% pass | All bands, higher power |
| Advanced | Additional 50 questions | Full privileges, build transmitters |
Exams are administered by accredited volunteer examiners. A Morse code qualification (5 WPM) is optional and grants additional HF privileges.
See Canada Licensing for full details.
Most European countries participate in the CEPT system, which provides mutual recognition of amateur licences between member countries. While each country has its own licensing authority and exam structure, the CEPT framework defines two main levels:
See Europe Licensing for full details.
The Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA) oversees licensing, with exams administered by the Wireless Institute of Australia (WIA) and other assessors.
| Grade | Privileges |
|---|---|
| Foundation | Limited bands and power (10 W), approved equipment only |
| Standard | Most bands, 100 W |
| Advanced | All bands, 400 W, may build own equipment |
See Australia Licensing for full details.
For licensing in Japan, New Zealand, South Africa, India, and other countries, see Other Countries.
Depending on your country, common study resources include:
The specific topics vary by country and licence level, but most entry-level exams cover:
This varies enormously depending on your background and study habits. Some people with a technical background can prepare for an entry-level exam in a few days. Others may prefer to take a few weeks, studying at a relaxed pace. As a rough guide:
Once you pass your exam:
From there, it's time to pick up your first radio and start making contacts!
Most countries allow you to upgrade to higher licence classes by passing additional exams. Each upgrade typically grants access to more frequency bands, higher power levels, and additional privileges. There's no waiting period in most countries — you can take the next exam whenever you feel ready.